-Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. July 2015 . >> 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? /Resources << 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? What variables influence whether or not people conform? Gordon Pennycook . Houd . It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? %PDF-1.3 What is social contagion? << /Type /Page /Type /Font Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 15 0 obj If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. /S /Transparency >> -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ->paying an increase of the original price for extras /Parent 2 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] HWKoFW. /Tabs /S /Type /Page Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Introducing Cram Folders! Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. 28 0 obj [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. /Tabs /S >> /Group << providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. endobj [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 >> 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /Tabs /S 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /S /Transparency /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Slide /Part What are some real world consequences of attributions? /S /Transparency endobj /StructParents 10 Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. >> In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? The cognitive miser theory is an . Discuss the validity of each statement. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R /F4 24 0 R Please sign in to share these flashcards. /F4 24 0 R 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? Describe his findings. /Type /Page /Font << ]"&4v /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /F3 23 0 R /Type /Group The cognitive miser and focal bias . Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. Keith Stanovich . The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /Type /Group ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 Rationality and the reflective mind . -Becoming less pervasive -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. /F4 24 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] . /LastChar 239 According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /Parent 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /Font << [15][pageneeded]. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. /GS8 28 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? << >> /Type /Font What is the best treatment for groupthink? ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. >> ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? -Differs: /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R June 30, 2022 . Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions /Worksheet /Part 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. What is social comparison theory? What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? -Cognitive component: stereotypes /GS8 28 0 R [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better perception of our world. [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. >> /Parent 2 0 R [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. >> Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /F2 22 0 R 500 0 0 389 278] /F3 23 0 R 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Group << /Type /Font What is diffusion of responsibility? How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? endobj /ToUnicode 367 0 R affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /CS /DeviceRGB A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /Filter /FlateDecode As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under /CA 1 [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. /S /Transparency >> /F2 22 0 R This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. What is obedience? /Endnote /Note Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Tabs /S they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. /Marked true membership. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Stolz . The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. How did Asch study conformity? In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 12 0 obj They argue that people start the process of impression formation by << /ExtGState << >> 1 0 obj /Type /Page 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /Footnote /Note /GS7 27 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /F5 25 0 R /Type /Page endobj Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? 9 0 obj 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /Tabs /S -When alone, when a situation is physically dangerous for the victim. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /F3 23 0 R [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /F1 21 0 R /P 3 0 R >> This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. 29 0 obj >> /Type /Page Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources /F3 23 0 R /Tabs /S /Group << 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. 2011 . /Type /Group The cognitive miser . Fugelsang . When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /S /Transparency How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R /F3 23 0 R Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. What are its consequences? What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? 21 0 obj objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. a. endobj 269273 . [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. How did Milgram study obedience? -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /Contents 42 0 R Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. << What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount /F4 24 0 R -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. 1,000 & 12,000 /Subtype /TrueType -Out group: (them) If not, give a counterexample. /F2 22 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? << /Contents [46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R] This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. /Group << ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity What are its real world consequences? /F1 21 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? /Type /Catalog Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! /Tabs /S [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right.