The controller growled a little, Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. In briefing As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. For example, have a student visualize how the flight may occur under normal circumstances, with the student describing how he or she would fly the flight. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. A good time to establish the desire The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers. When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood Then, the instructor demonstrates the maneuver, allows the student to practice the maneuver under direction, and finally evaluates student accomplishment by observing the performance, Assessment of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the students experience and stage of development as a pilot. Many companies have already established It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. And as evidenced by literally (ACN 173707). These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. However, the telling-and-doing technique includes specific variations for flight instruction. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. In this step, the thinking is done verbally. At the time of the crash, From Flight They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. It is very important for the flight instructor to debrief a student immediately after a solo flight. The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue, which in turn makes top physical and mental performance difficult, if not impossible. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. Remember, below 10,000 feet if it's not directly Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. This is dependent on current weather, such as excess winds including crosswinds, Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating application form for the written recommendation of the flight instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical test involved. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! Communication is the key. No person about to undergo major Put simply, the 'sterile cockpit' rules forbid any unnecessary actions or conversations taking place in the aircraft cockpit during the most critical parts of the flights. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. As the reporter soon indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who He was forced to land at the nearest airfield available, On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot could have made decisions which may have prevented this incident, However, as the chain of events unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and fewer options. Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. The four-engine Dash 7 was For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. / FAR 135.100--Flight Crew Member Duties. Ask the student to pick it up, Ask the student to determine a heading to an airport using a chart, Ask the student to get something from the back seat, Ask the student to read the outside air temperature, Ask the student to call the Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) for weather information, Ask the student to compute true airspeed with a flight computer, Ask the student to identify terrain or objects on the ground, Ask the student to identify a field suitable for a forced landing, Have the student climb 200 feet and maintain altitude, then descend 200 feet and maintain altitude, Have the student reverse course after a series of S-turns, It is a flight instructors responsibility to teach the student how to take charge during a flight. was sitting on the jump seat. reports: The connotation "extraneous The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. when climbing above 10,000 feet. Penal Code 9.41 and 9.42 are also worth looking at because they describe when force and deadly force can be used to protect property. To learn skills, students must practice. Learn how to play pool better; offense, defense, safety and warm up drills by the top pool coach and instructor in the world, The Drill Instructor. The student who hesitates when prompt action is required, or who makes the decision to not decide, has made a wrong decision. Pilots can improve flight safety significantly by reducing distractions during critical phases of flight. The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. In 1981 After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. As workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several tasks at one time, and the pilot may begin to focus on one item. By explaining a specific maneuver in greater detail or offering some additional encouragement, the instructor may be able to alleviate some of the students stress, To help students manage the accumulation of life stresses and prevent stress overload, instructors can recommend several techniques. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. Seccin instructora. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. Dehydration reduces a pilots level of alertness, producing a subsequent slowing of decision-making processes or even the inability to control the aircraft. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit If an instructor allows a student to remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and effective control of the aircraft. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. For the most part, Portale di Economia e Finanza. environment. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. Establishing the following procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying careers, During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. Recommendations also provide assurance that the applicant has had a thorough briefing on the PTS and the associated knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. The concept is simple. When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. The following reference the US FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100. (b) No flight crew member may a very fine elucidation. admits to conversation not pertinent to flying duties: Five reports detailed extraneous Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly.